Focal Interest
Focal Interest

Liberalization

  1. Global tariffs converged long term, then diverged after 2018
    Study analyzes global tariff dynamics from 1990-2020, revealing long-term convergence until 2018 when U.S. tariff escalation triggers fragmentation in the multilateral trading system.
  2. Wartime food prices rose sharply during the Indonesian War of Independence
    Analysis of 8,600+ staple food prices across Indonesia (1945-49) shows severe wartime inflation and subsistence-level nutrition for urban laborers, reshaping understanding of conflict dynamics.